They should be able to name every printer account, explain why it exists, show its scope, and prove the associated credentials are rotated and reviewed. If the team cannot produce that evidence, the printer estate is likely operating with hidden standing access.
Why This Matters for Security Teams
Printer access is often treated as low-risk “facility plumbing,” but printers are networked assets with stored credentials, admin interfaces, update channels, and sometimes scan-to-email or scan-to-cloud permissions. That means a printer account can become a foothold for lateral movement if its scope, ownership, and rotation status are unclear. Security teams should judge control by evidence, not assumptions, and the baseline for evidence is simple: every printer account should be explainable, bounded, and reviewable. The risk is amplified when identities are spread across device fleets and inherited from old deployment patterns, which is why NHI governance guidance in the Ultimate Guide to NHIs remains relevant.
Current NHI guidance also points to a broader control gap: only 5.7% of organisations have full visibility into their service accounts, and 71% do not rotate NHIs within recommended time frames. That combination is especially dangerous for printers because “temporary” setup accounts often persist indefinitely after installation, vendor maintenance, or a network refresh. In practice, many security teams discover hidden access only after a print server incident, an admin password audit, or an unexplained device exposure rather than through intentional control design.
How It Works in Practice
To know whether printer access is actually controlled, teams need a repeatable inventory and an identity evidence chain. Start by identifying every printer-related account across the print server, device admin console, scan workflows, service integrations, and vendor remote support. Then tie each account to a purpose, owner, scope, and expiry or review date. The control question is not “does the printer work,” but “can the organisation prove why this identity exists and what it can reach?” That is consistent with the least-privilege approach in OWASP Non-Human Identity Top 10 and the control objectives in NIST SP 800-53 Rev 5 Security and Privacy Controls.
A practical control test usually includes four checks:
- Every printer account has a named owner and a documented business justification.
- Each account is constrained to a specific device set, subnet, or print workflow.
- Credentials or keys are rotated on a defined schedule and immediately after installation, vendor work, or staff turnover.
- Access reviews confirm whether the account still exists for current operations or should be removed.
For larger estates, teams should also separate human admin access from machine access. A technician logging into a printer for maintenance should not rely on the same standing credentials that a device uses for scan delivery or SMTP relay. NHIMG’s Ultimate Guide to NHIs — Key Challenges and Risks highlights how hidden standing access and stale credentials create durable exposure that often survives device replacement and org changes. These controls tend to break down in distributed office environments with unmanaged local admins, shared vendor accounts, or printer fleets inherited from mergers because ownership and revocation paths are unclear.
Common Variations and Edge Cases
Tighter printer access control often increases operational overhead, requiring organisations to balance fast support and maintenance against identity hygiene. That tradeoff is real when print infrastructure spans multiple sites, legacy copiers, or vendor-managed service contracts.
Best practice is evolving for printers that use cloud connectors, scan-to-mail automation, or remote management portals. Some environments still rely on shared service accounts because older devices cannot support modern authentication, but that is a compensating-control scenario, not a control objective. In those cases, current guidance suggests reducing blast radius with per-device scoping, segmented network placement, short credential lifetimes where feasible, and compensating monitoring for auth events and configuration changes.
One useful indicator is whether the team can produce revocation evidence after a printer is retired or repurposed. If an account remains valid after decommissioning, the organisation does not truly control printer access. The same applies to vendor accounts used for firmware updates or support sessions. Those identities should be time-bound, reviewed, and removed when the contract or service need ends. NHIMG’s broader research on NHI visibility and secrets rotation, including the Ultimate Guide to NHIs — Standards, is a useful benchmark for judging whether the estate is governed or merely functioning.
Standards & Framework Alignment
This section maps relevant standards and security frameworks to the operational risks and controls described in this guidance.
OWASP Non-Human Identity Top 10 address the attack and risk surface, while NIST CSF 2.0 and NIST AI RMF set the governance and control requirements practitioners need to meet.
| Framework | Control / Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| OWASP Non-Human Identity Top 10 | NHI-01 | Printer accounts are non-human identities that need inventory and ownership. |
| NIST CSF 2.0 | PR.AC-4 | Least privilege and managed access apply directly to printer accounts. |
| NIST AI RMF | AI RMF governance principles map to accountability and lifecycle control. |
Inventory every printer identity, assign ownership, and remove any account without a clear business purpose.
Related resources from NHI Mgmt Group
- How do security teams know whether remote access edge devices are actually protected?
- How do security teams know whether a vulnerable remote-access instance is actually exposed?
- How do security teams know whether PHI access is actually controlled?
- How do security teams know whether outsourced access is actually controlled?
